Physical methods of studying solid bodies

Modern science encompasses two fascinating areas of research: X-ray structural analysis and impedance spectroscopy. X-ray structural analysis studies and reveals the internal structure of substances using X-ray radiation. The Buerger-Berg data formula, a key tool in this field, allows for the analysis of the interaction of X-rays with free electrons and the labeling of atoms in crystals.

A diffractometer and the Rietveld method play a crucial role in determining the parameters of the elementary cell of polycrystals, detailed analysis of the diffraction pattern, and qualitative and quantitative X-ray phase analysis. Studying small-angle X-ray scattering reveals properties in monodisperse and disordered systems, where experimental methods and data processing play a pivotal role.

Thermal analysis is presented as an essential method for investigating metals, oxides, constructing phase diagrams of binary systems, and analyzing the heat effects of phase transformation activation. Adsorption porosimetry and magnetic spectroscopy, particularly mesoscopic, are discussed in the context of surface properties and the dynamics of magnetic hyperfine shifts.

Impedance spectroscopy reveals a unique world of harmonic processes in linear systems, where complex amplitudes analyze the electrical characteristics of passive two-pole networks. Impedance and admittance, their graphical representation, and the physicochemical aspects of electrochemical impedance are studied.